A total of 26 tree species and 17 shrubs were recorded. Using a systematic grid of 390 m by 780 m in 77 randomly selected plots of 0.071 ha, located along nine transects, botanical names of tree species, diameter above breast height (dbh), regenerants and key shrub species were recorded in order to determine species diversity index, dominance index, number of shrubs and regenerants, forest stocking and tree basal area, respectively. Ketumbeine Forest Reserve, an isolated forest on a small protruding hill located in the dry area of northern Tanzania has unknown tree species diversity and dominance. This can be achieved through negotiations with regional and global partners for more resources. We therefore underscore the needs for different stakeholders to share the costs of developing a sustainable eco-tourism industry in the Lake Natron ecosystem. Its benefits spill over beyond the local and national boundaries to beneficiaries at regional and interna-tional levels. Sustainable ecotourism is one of such initiatives. The Lake's ecosystem needs to be managed wisely by introducing only livelihood initiatives or de-velopments that are linked to the survival of wildlife which it supports, including the lesser flamingo. We furthermore argue that Lake Natron is part of an important network of ecosystems and should not be viewed as a separate entity altogether. The results of analysis showed that at the present levels of soda ash prices and investment costs the benefits of ecosystem conservation outweigh the benefits of soda ash mining. The costs and benefits of this project were compared with that of two other alternatives namely the ―Business as Usual‖ (BAU) and ―Sustainable Ecotourism‖ (SE). Based on this ground a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) of a proposed new development (establishment of soda ash facility) in the Lake Natron area in Tanzania was carried out to inform decision regarding the proposal. The XI/22 decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at its eleventh Conference of Parties invite parties to integrate the three objectives of the CBD into sustainable development and poverty eradication programs, plans, pol-icies, and priority actions, taking into account the outcomes of the Rio+20 Conference.
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